Saturday, April 17, 2010
Torcida organizada
Torcidas organizadas are formal (or informal) associations of football fans in Brazil in the same vein as Argentine hinchadas and European ultras. The name is based on the verb torcer, which means "to root for" but also "to wring" and "to turn". The supposition is that the behaviour of the fans present at the stadium could help the team gather strength to beat the opponent.
In the beginning, and until the sixties, torcidas organizadas were informal associations of fans who gathered to buy fireworks, cloth for large flags, and other stuff to be used during celebrations. Later, such associations became permanent and were formalised legally as non-profit recreational associations, still with the primary goal of providing a better spectacle at the stadium and surroundings. Some of the noteworthy torcidas organizadas from this time were Torcida Jovem do Botafogo (Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas), Torcida Jovem do Santos (Santos Futebol Clube), Mancha Verde (Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras), Gaviões da Fiel (Corinthians), Galoucura (Clube Atlético Mineiro), Máfia Azul (Cruzeiro Esporte Clube), Independente (São Paulo Futebol Clube), Torcida Jovem Fla and Raça Rubro-Negra, (Clube de Regatas do Flamengo), Força Jovem Vasco (Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama), Young Flu and Força Flu (Fluminense Football Club), Fúria Independente (Paraná Clube), Imperio Alviverde (Coritiba Foot Ball Club), Os Fanáticos (Clube Atlético Paranaense), Torcida Jovem do Sport (Sport Club do Recife), Fanáutico (Clube Náutico Capibaribe) and Inferno Coral (Santa Cruz Futebol Clube). In the beginning the torcida organizada movement was fragmentary, but would later consolidate in larger bodies or leagues. Some torcidas would open branches throughout the country to support their teams playing away, given the national range of their supporters.
Torcidas organizadas would later become infamous for their association with stadium violence, which would cause Justice to disband some of them (notably Gaviões da Fiel. Mancha Verde and Independente, both the top and most hard-core firms and active on one of the largest capitals in the world: São Paulo). Some clubs (notably Flamengo) would also be plagued by rival torcidas which would battle each other as well as the opponent's.
Rivalry is embebed on Brazilian football culture, but when it comes to their organized (or uniformed) supporters, things can take a turn for the different. Some groups can can relate only with their equals, a common place for "torcidas organizadsa", barras bravas" and "firms" all over the world. However, other teams, active on a wider range on national and internation field, have come to experience historical clashes that created firce rivals, as well as close and loyas allies. The perfect example for this is the union between two of the main organized firms then and today: Torcida Jovem Fla (supporters of Flamengo) and Torcida Independente (supporters of São Paulo). This old union, dated, some say, since the beginning of the 90s, has been theme for songs and ovations whenever these two teams meet or whenever they meet each others rivals. They proudly sing that each one of them is unified with another hard-core group of supporters. With this, it was created two opposite mobs of unified groups. And the rivalry was responsible for distributing this: Palmeira's Mancha Verde, maybe São Paulo's Independente biggets rival, joined with Torcida Jovem (Vasco Supporter's), biggest rival to Flamengo's own Torcida Jovem. And, along with Cruzeiro's Mafia Azul, which joined Indenpendente and Torcida Jovem Fla, and Galoucura, supported by Atletico Mineiro (biggest rival to Cruzeiro) fans joined the opposite aliance. Indenpendentes and Jovem do Flamengo's alliance was known for their own "symbol". To symbolize their own group and alliance, they crossed their arms, calling themselves "punhos cruzados" (crossed fists). In reference and prejudice to this, Mancha Verdes and Jovem do Vasco put heir middle fingers up and called theselves "dedos pro alto" (lifted fingers). Players for both teams, especially from Flamengos and São Paulo, ar known to represent these 'expressions' after scoring a goal in the pitch, driving the hard-core fans crazy with proud.
The Brazil influence stretched into Europe through Torcida Split, a formal associations of Hajduk Split FC fans in the Croatian Dalmatia region. Torcida Split is now the oldest (1950) organized supporters' group in Europe
In the beginning, and until the sixties, torcidas organizadas were informal associations of fans who gathered to buy fireworks, cloth for large flags, and other stuff to be used during celebrations. Later, such associations became permanent and were formalised legally as non-profit recreational associations, still with the primary goal of providing a better spectacle at the stadium and surroundings. Some of the noteworthy torcidas organizadas from this time were Torcida Jovem do Botafogo (Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas), Torcida Jovem do Santos (Santos Futebol Clube), Mancha Verde (Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras), Gaviões da Fiel (Corinthians), Galoucura (Clube Atlético Mineiro), Máfia Azul (Cruzeiro Esporte Clube), Independente (São Paulo Futebol Clube), Torcida Jovem Fla and Raça Rubro-Negra, (Clube de Regatas do Flamengo), Força Jovem Vasco (Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama), Young Flu and Força Flu (Fluminense Football Club), Fúria Independente (Paraná Clube), Imperio Alviverde (Coritiba Foot Ball Club), Os Fanáticos (Clube Atlético Paranaense), Torcida Jovem do Sport (Sport Club do Recife), Fanáutico (Clube Náutico Capibaribe) and Inferno Coral (Santa Cruz Futebol Clube). In the beginning the torcida organizada movement was fragmentary, but would later consolidate in larger bodies or leagues. Some torcidas would open branches throughout the country to support their teams playing away, given the national range of their supporters.
Torcidas organizadas would later become infamous for their association with stadium violence, which would cause Justice to disband some of them (notably Gaviões da Fiel. Mancha Verde and Independente, both the top and most hard-core firms and active on one of the largest capitals in the world: São Paulo). Some clubs (notably Flamengo) would also be plagued by rival torcidas which would battle each other as well as the opponent's.
Rivalry is embebed on Brazilian football culture, but when it comes to their organized (or uniformed) supporters, things can take a turn for the different. Some groups can can relate only with their equals, a common place for "torcidas organizadsa", barras bravas" and "firms" all over the world. However, other teams, active on a wider range on national and internation field, have come to experience historical clashes that created firce rivals, as well as close and loyas allies. The perfect example for this is the union between two of the main organized firms then and today: Torcida Jovem Fla (supporters of Flamengo) and Torcida Independente (supporters of São Paulo). This old union, dated, some say, since the beginning of the 90s, has been theme for songs and ovations whenever these two teams meet or whenever they meet each others rivals. They proudly sing that each one of them is unified with another hard-core group of supporters. With this, it was created two opposite mobs of unified groups. And the rivalry was responsible for distributing this: Palmeira's Mancha Verde, maybe São Paulo's Independente biggets rival, joined with Torcida Jovem (Vasco Supporter's), biggest rival to Flamengo's own Torcida Jovem. And, along with Cruzeiro's Mafia Azul, which joined Indenpendente and Torcida Jovem Fla, and Galoucura, supported by Atletico Mineiro (biggest rival to Cruzeiro) fans joined the opposite aliance. Indenpendentes and Jovem do Flamengo's alliance was known for their own "symbol". To symbolize their own group and alliance, they crossed their arms, calling themselves "punhos cruzados" (crossed fists). In reference and prejudice to this, Mancha Verdes and Jovem do Vasco put heir middle fingers up and called theselves "dedos pro alto" (lifted fingers). Players for both teams, especially from Flamengos and São Paulo, ar known to represent these 'expressions' after scoring a goal in the pitch, driving the hard-core fans crazy with proud.
The Brazil influence stretched into Europe through Torcida Split, a formal associations of Hajduk Split FC fans in the Croatian Dalmatia region. Torcida Split is now the oldest (1950) organized supporters' group in Europe
List of ultra groups
Brazil
C.R. Flamengo - Raça Rubro-Negra[5]
[edit] Croatia
Dinamo Zagreb – Bad Blue Boys[6]
[edit] Cyprus
Anorthosis Famagusta FC – Ultras Famagusta[7], MAXHTEC[8]
APOEL Nicosia FC – APOEL ULTRAS[9]
[edit] Denmark
Aalborg BK – Auxilia Aalborg
Odense Boldklub – Spuria Odense
[edit] Egypt
Al-Ahly – Ultras Ahlawy[10] , Ultras Devils[11]
El Zamalek – UWK - Ultras White Knights[10]
Ismaily – Ultras Yellow Dragons [12]
[edit] Germany
FC Schalke 04 – Ultras GE[13]
BSG Chemie Leipzig – Diablos Leutzsch[14]
1. FC Magdeburg – Blue Generation [15]
Eintracht Frankfurt – Ultras Frankfurt[16]
1. FSV Mainz 05 – Ultraszene Mainz[17]
FC St. Pauli – Ultrà Sankt Pauli[18]
Hamburger SV – Chosen Few,[19] Poptown[20]
Hannover 96 – Ultras Hannover[21]
VfB Stuttgart – Commando Cannstatt[22]
Werder Bremen – THE INFAMOUS YOUTH[23]
1. FC Köln – Wilde Horde 1996[24]
Rot-Weiss Essen – CHAOS BOYS ESSEN[25]
[edit] Greece
AEK Athens – Gate 21 Original[26]
Olympiacos – Gate 7[27][28][29]
PAOK – Gate 4[30]
Panathinaikos – Gate 13[31], Ultras Athens[32]
[edit] Italy
Torino – Ultras Granata 1969[33]
Lazio – Irriducibili[34]
Milan – Fossa dei Leoni[35]
[edit] Israel
Hapoel Haifa – Ultras Gate 5 [36]
Maccabi Tel Aviv – Ultras Maccabi [37]
Hapoel Petach Tikva – The Blue Frontier [38]
[edit] Malta
Birkirkara FC – Birkirkara Ultras 1997 [39]
[edit] Morocco
KAC Kenitra – Ultras Helala boys
Raja Casablanca – Ultras Green boys; Ultras Eagles; Ultras Green Gladiators[40]
Wydad Casablanca – Ultras winners [40]
[edit] Norway
Lillestrøm SK – Ultras Felt C [41]
[edit] Portugal
F.C. Porto – Super Dragões [42]
S.L. Benfica – Diabos Vermelhos [43] , No Name Boys [44]
Sporting Clube de Portugal – Juventude Leonina [45] , Torcida Verde [46] , Directivo Ultras XXI [47]
[edit] Republic of Ireland
Bohemians – The Notorious Boo-Boys[48]
Cork City – Commandos 84 [48]
Derry City – 89ers[49]
Shamrock Rovers – SRFC Ultras[48]
St Pats – Shed End Invincibles [48]
[edit] Romania
Steaua Bucharest – Stil Ostil,[50] Ultras,[51] Vacarm[52]
UTA Arad – SUR,[53] RASA,[54]Directivo Ultra[55]
[edit] Russia
Spartak Moscow – Fratria[56]
FC Lokomotiv Moscow – United South [2]
[edit] Serbia
Red Star Belgrade – Delije,[6] Ultra Boys[57]
Partizan – Grobari[6]
[edit] Slovenia
Olimpija Ljubljana – Green Dragons[58]
[edit] Spain
Real Madrid – Ultras Sur[59]
FC Barcelona – Boixos Nois [59]
Real Valladolid – Ultras Violetas[60]
Atlético de Madrid – Frente Atletico[60]
CA Osasuna – Indar Gorri[60]
Sporting de Gijón – UltrasBoys[60]
[edit] Turkey
Galatasaray – ultrAslan,[6]
[edit] United Kingdom
Celtic – Green Brigade [61][62]
Rangers – The Blue Order [63]
[edit] References
1.^ http://www.hordezla.ba/?jezik=bos
2.^ http://themaniacs.org/tm87/
3.^ http://www.bhfanaticos.com/
4.^ http://www.www.lesinari1987.net/
5.^ http://www.racarubronegra.com.br/
6.^ a b c d "Football, blood and war". The Observer. 18 January 2004. http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,6903,1123137,00.html. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
7.^ http://ultrasfamagusta.blogspot.com/
8.^ http://pansyfi-anorthosis.com/
9.^ http://pansyfi-apoel.net
10.^ a b Saeid, Alimad; Hassan, Sherif (23 September 2007). "Ultras paint colorful picture for Egyptian football, reject violence". filgoal.com. http://www.filgoal.com/English/News.asp?NewsID=36080. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
11.^ http://www.facebook.com/devils07/
12.^ http://www.ultrasisc.net/
13.^ "Ultras Gelsenkirchen!" (in German). Ultras GE. http://www.ultras-ge.de.
14.^ "Diablos Leutzsch" (in German). www.diablos-leutzsch.de. 18 June 2009. http://www.diablos-leutzsch.de/. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
15.^ "Blue Generation" (in German). www.blue-generation.de. 23 November 2009. http://www.blue-generation.de/. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
16.^ "Eintracht will Stellungnahme der Bremer Polizei" (in German). focus.de. 2 December 2008. http://www.focus.de/sport/fussball/bundesliga1/bundesliga-eintracht-will-stellungnahme-der-bremer-polizei_aid_352699.html. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
17.^ "Ultraszene Mainz" (in German). szene-mainz.de. 15 May 2009. http://www.szene-mainz.de/. Retrieved 2009-015-5.
18.^ "Ultrà Sankt Pauli" (in German). Ultrà Sankt Pauli. http://usp.stpaulifans.de/.
19.^ "Chosen Few" (in German). Chosen Few. http://cfhh.net/.
20.^ "Chosen Few" (in German). Poptown. http://www.poptown-hamburg.de/.
21.^ "Ultras Hannoi!" (in German). Ultras Hannover. http://www.ultras-hannover.de.
22.^ {{cite news url= http://www.cc97.de |title=Commando Cannstatt |date= |publisher=cc97.de |language=German |accessdate=}}
23.^ {{cite news url= http://www.infamousyouth.org/ |title=THE INFAMOUS YOUTH |date= |publisher=SVW-1899 |language=German |accessdate=}}
24.^ {{cite news url= http://www.infamousyouth.org/ |title=Wilde Horde 1996 |date= |publisher=CCAA |language=German |accessdate=}}
25.^ {{cite news url= http://www.infamousyouth.org/ |title=CBE2000 |date= |publisher=Chaos Boys Essen |language=German |accessdate=}}
26.^ http://www.original21.com/
27.^ http://www.gate7fans.com/gate7/
28.^ http://www.ultras.gr/
29.^ http://www.gate7.gr/777/
30.^ http://www.paokgate4.gr/
31.^ http://www.gate13.gr/
32.^ http://www.ultrasathens.com/
33.^ "Ultras Granata 1969 riot". youtube.com. 25 February 2001. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l02nicY-Voo.
34.^ Richardson, James (17 October 2006). "Lazio ultras reduced by police charges". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2006/oct/17/europeanfootball.lazio. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
35.^ "Precisazioni reali sullo scioglimento della Fossa Dei Leoni" (in Italian). italy.indymedia.org. 18 November 2005. http://italy.indymedia.org/news/2005/11/925616.php. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
36.^ http://www.gate-5.com/
37.^ http://www.ultras.co.il/
38.^ http://www.4everblue.co.il/
39.^ http://www.birkirkaraultras.org/
40.^ a b "Submission to Concil of Europe DH-DEV Group" (PDF). Front Line. August 2007. http://www.ultras-ma.com/downloads/winners.php. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
41.^ http://www.nettavisen.no/sport/fotball/tippeligaen/article1750037.ece
42.^ http://superdragoes.com/blog/
43.^ http://claqueslb.no.sapo.pt/texto/Diabos.htm
44.^ http://claqueslb.no.sapo.pt/texto/no_name_boys.htm
45.^ http://www.juveleo76.com/
46.^ http://www.torcidaverde.pt/
47.^ http://www.duxxi.org/
48.^ a b c d "Eircom League Focus". RTÉ Sport. 2009. http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/features/elfrobwright.html. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
49.^ http://www.89ersultras.footballfrenzy.org.uk/designs.html
50.^ http://ultrassteaua.tifonet.it/
51.^ http://www.ultras.ro/
52.^ http://www.vacarm.3x.ro/
53.^ http://ultrassteaua.tifonet.it/
54.^ http://www.ultras.ro/
55.^ http://www.vacarm.3x.ro/
56.^ "Суперкубку – мегабаннер! Спартаковские болельщики скидываются по полтиннику на красочное представление" (in Russian). sovsport.ru. 3 March 2007. http://www.sovsport.ru/gazeta/default.asp?id=252321. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
57.^ Foer, Franklin (2004). "How Soccer Explains the Gangster's Paradise". How Soccer Explains the World: An Unlikely Theory of Globalzation. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 57–64. ISBN 0066212340.
58.^ "Green Dragons v Mariboru" (in Slovenian). zurnal24.si. 25 October 2007. http://www.zurnal24.si/cms/sport/index.html?id=15674. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
59.^ a b "Beckham rocked by new injury blow". BBC Sport. 12 May 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4540855.stm. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
60.^ a b c d "Grupos de ultras de equipos españoles". http://www.losblanquillos.com/grupos_de_ultras_equipos_espanoles-itemap-78-16200-1.htm.
61.^ [1]
62.^ http://www.ultras-celtic.com/
63.^ [[http://www.theblueorder.co.uk/joomla
C.R. Flamengo - Raça Rubro-Negra[5]
[edit] Croatia
Dinamo Zagreb – Bad Blue Boys[6]
[edit] Cyprus
Anorthosis Famagusta FC – Ultras Famagusta[7], MAXHTEC[8]
APOEL Nicosia FC – APOEL ULTRAS[9]
[edit] Denmark
Aalborg BK – Auxilia Aalborg
Odense Boldklub – Spuria Odense
[edit] Egypt
Al-Ahly – Ultras Ahlawy[10] , Ultras Devils[11]
El Zamalek – UWK - Ultras White Knights[10]
Ismaily – Ultras Yellow Dragons [12]
[edit] Germany
FC Schalke 04 – Ultras GE[13]
BSG Chemie Leipzig – Diablos Leutzsch[14]
1. FC Magdeburg – Blue Generation [15]
Eintracht Frankfurt – Ultras Frankfurt[16]
1. FSV Mainz 05 – Ultraszene Mainz[17]
FC St. Pauli – Ultrà Sankt Pauli[18]
Hamburger SV – Chosen Few,[19] Poptown[20]
Hannover 96 – Ultras Hannover[21]
VfB Stuttgart – Commando Cannstatt[22]
Werder Bremen – THE INFAMOUS YOUTH[23]
1. FC Köln – Wilde Horde 1996[24]
Rot-Weiss Essen – CHAOS BOYS ESSEN[25]
[edit] Greece
AEK Athens – Gate 21 Original[26]
Olympiacos – Gate 7[27][28][29]
PAOK – Gate 4[30]
Panathinaikos – Gate 13[31], Ultras Athens[32]
[edit] Italy
Torino – Ultras Granata 1969[33]
Lazio – Irriducibili[34]
Milan – Fossa dei Leoni[35]
[edit] Israel
Hapoel Haifa – Ultras Gate 5 [36]
Maccabi Tel Aviv – Ultras Maccabi [37]
Hapoel Petach Tikva – The Blue Frontier [38]
[edit] Malta
Birkirkara FC – Birkirkara Ultras 1997 [39]
[edit] Morocco
KAC Kenitra – Ultras Helala boys
Raja Casablanca – Ultras Green boys; Ultras Eagles; Ultras Green Gladiators[40]
Wydad Casablanca – Ultras winners [40]
[edit] Norway
Lillestrøm SK – Ultras Felt C [41]
[edit] Portugal
F.C. Porto – Super Dragões [42]
S.L. Benfica – Diabos Vermelhos [43] , No Name Boys [44]
Sporting Clube de Portugal – Juventude Leonina [45] , Torcida Verde [46] , Directivo Ultras XXI [47]
[edit] Republic of Ireland
Bohemians – The Notorious Boo-Boys[48]
Cork City – Commandos 84 [48]
Derry City – 89ers[49]
Shamrock Rovers – SRFC Ultras[48]
St Pats – Shed End Invincibles [48]
[edit] Romania
Steaua Bucharest – Stil Ostil,[50] Ultras,[51] Vacarm[52]
UTA Arad – SUR,[53] RASA,[54]Directivo Ultra[55]
[edit] Russia
Spartak Moscow – Fratria[56]
FC Lokomotiv Moscow – United South [2]
[edit] Serbia
Red Star Belgrade – Delije,[6] Ultra Boys[57]
Partizan – Grobari[6]
[edit] Slovenia
Olimpija Ljubljana – Green Dragons[58]
[edit] Spain
Real Madrid – Ultras Sur[59]
FC Barcelona – Boixos Nois [59]
Real Valladolid – Ultras Violetas[60]
Atlético de Madrid – Frente Atletico[60]
CA Osasuna – Indar Gorri[60]
Sporting de Gijón – UltrasBoys[60]
[edit] Turkey
Galatasaray – ultrAslan,[6]
[edit] United Kingdom
Celtic – Green Brigade [61][62]
Rangers – The Blue Order [63]
[edit] References
1.^ http://www.hordezla.ba/?jezik=bos
2.^ http://themaniacs.org/tm87/
3.^ http://www.bhfanaticos.com/
4.^ http://www.www.lesinari1987.net/
5.^ http://www.racarubronegra.com.br/
6.^ a b c d "Football, blood and war". The Observer. 18 January 2004. http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,6903,1123137,00.html. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
7.^ http://ultrasfamagusta.blogspot.com/
8.^ http://pansyfi-anorthosis.com/
9.^ http://pansyfi-apoel.net
10.^ a b Saeid, Alimad; Hassan, Sherif (23 September 2007). "Ultras paint colorful picture for Egyptian football, reject violence". filgoal.com. http://www.filgoal.com/English/News.asp?NewsID=36080. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
11.^ http://www.facebook.com/devils07/
12.^ http://www.ultrasisc.net/
13.^ "Ultras Gelsenkirchen!" (in German). Ultras GE. http://www.ultras-ge.de.
14.^ "Diablos Leutzsch" (in German). www.diablos-leutzsch.de. 18 June 2009. http://www.diablos-leutzsch.de/. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
15.^ "Blue Generation" (in German). www.blue-generation.de. 23 November 2009. http://www.blue-generation.de/. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
16.^ "Eintracht will Stellungnahme der Bremer Polizei" (in German). focus.de. 2 December 2008. http://www.focus.de/sport/fussball/bundesliga1/bundesliga-eintracht-will-stellungnahme-der-bremer-polizei_aid_352699.html. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
17.^ "Ultraszene Mainz" (in German). szene-mainz.de. 15 May 2009. http://www.szene-mainz.de/. Retrieved 2009-015-5.
18.^ "Ultrà Sankt Pauli" (in German). Ultrà Sankt Pauli. http://usp.stpaulifans.de/.
19.^ "Chosen Few" (in German). Chosen Few. http://cfhh.net/.
20.^ "Chosen Few" (in German). Poptown. http://www.poptown-hamburg.de/.
21.^ "Ultras Hannoi!" (in German). Ultras Hannover. http://www.ultras-hannover.de.
22.^ {{cite news url= http://www.cc97.de |title=Commando Cannstatt |date= |publisher=cc97.de |language=German |accessdate=}}
23.^ {{cite news url= http://www.infamousyouth.org/ |title=THE INFAMOUS YOUTH |date= |publisher=SVW-1899 |language=German |accessdate=}}
24.^ {{cite news url= http://www.infamousyouth.org/ |title=Wilde Horde 1996 |date= |publisher=CCAA |language=German |accessdate=}}
25.^ {{cite news url= http://www.infamousyouth.org/ |title=CBE2000 |date= |publisher=Chaos Boys Essen |language=German |accessdate=}}
26.^ http://www.original21.com/
27.^ http://www.gate7fans.com/gate7/
28.^ http://www.ultras.gr/
29.^ http://www.gate7.gr/777/
30.^ http://www.paokgate4.gr/
31.^ http://www.gate13.gr/
32.^ http://www.ultrasathens.com/
33.^ "Ultras Granata 1969 riot". youtube.com. 25 February 2001. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l02nicY-Voo.
34.^ Richardson, James (17 October 2006). "Lazio ultras reduced by police charges". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2006/oct/17/europeanfootball.lazio. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
35.^ "Precisazioni reali sullo scioglimento della Fossa Dei Leoni" (in Italian). italy.indymedia.org. 18 November 2005. http://italy.indymedia.org/news/2005/11/925616.php. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
36.^ http://www.gate-5.com/
37.^ http://www.ultras.co.il/
38.^ http://www.4everblue.co.il/
39.^ http://www.birkirkaraultras.org/
40.^ a b "Submission to Concil of Europe DH-DEV Group" (PDF). Front Line. August 2007. http://www.ultras-ma.com/downloads/winners.php. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
41.^ http://www.nettavisen.no/sport/fotball/tippeligaen/article1750037.ece
42.^ http://superdragoes.com/blog/
43.^ http://claqueslb.no.sapo.pt/texto/Diabos.htm
44.^ http://claqueslb.no.sapo.pt/texto/no_name_boys.htm
45.^ http://www.juveleo76.com/
46.^ http://www.torcidaverde.pt/
47.^ http://www.duxxi.org/
48.^ a b c d "Eircom League Focus". RTÉ Sport. 2009. http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/features/elfrobwright.html. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
49.^ http://www.89ersultras.footballfrenzy.org.uk/designs.html
50.^ http://ultrassteaua.tifonet.it/
51.^ http://www.ultras.ro/
52.^ http://www.vacarm.3x.ro/
53.^ http://ultrassteaua.tifonet.it/
54.^ http://www.ultras.ro/
55.^ http://www.vacarm.3x.ro/
56.^ "Суперкубку – мегабаннер! Спартаковские болельщики скидываются по полтиннику на красочное представление" (in Russian). sovsport.ru. 3 March 2007. http://www.sovsport.ru/gazeta/default.asp?id=252321. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
57.^ Foer, Franklin (2004). "How Soccer Explains the Gangster's Paradise". How Soccer Explains the World: An Unlikely Theory of Globalzation. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 57–64. ISBN 0066212340.
58.^ "Green Dragons v Mariboru" (in Slovenian). zurnal24.si. 25 October 2007. http://www.zurnal24.si/cms/sport/index.html?id=15674. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
59.^ a b "Beckham rocked by new injury blow". BBC Sport. 12 May 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4540855.stm. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
60.^ a b c d "Grupos de ultras de equipos españoles". http://www.losblanquillos.com/grupos_de_ultras_equipos_espanoles-itemap-78-16200-1.htm.
61.^ [1]
62.^ http://www.ultras-celtic.com/
63.^ [[http://www.theblueorder.co.uk/joomla
Rivalries
Fierce rivalries between ultra groups can be found all over the world, although most of the larger rivalries are found in Europe. The rivalries are often based around a basic animosity toward the rival team, mostly in derbies, and some rivalries are partly based on politics (e.g. Livorno vs. Lazio). There have also been rivalries between ultra groups that support the same team; based on personal and/or leadership disputes. Sometimes ultra groups try to capture banners and flags of rival groups. Losing a banner or flag to a rival group is considered a big humiliation, and the faction losing the banner is required to disband.
In the book How Soccer Explains the World, Franklin Foer describes the rivalry between Serb and Croat teams as, "The new, or rather old, enmity could be seen visibly at the soccer stadium... fans sang about their respective slaughters."[6] The ultras of FC Red Star Belgrade, the Delije (Heroes) formed the base of Arkan's Tigers, a Serbian paramilitary force who were later implicated in multiple acts of terror during the Wars in Yugoslavia. The Tigers made a dramatic appearance during the Belgrade derby game of 22 March 1992 between Red Star and Partizan; they held up road signs saying: '20 miles to Vukovar'; '10 miles to Vukovar'; 'Welcome to Vukovar'. More signs followed, each named for a Croatian town that had fallen to the Serbian army. Arkan was then director of the Red Star supporters' association.[7] In later matches, after Serbian army retreated from occupied Vukovar, Croatian fans would regularly display signs honoring Vukovar (sometimes spelt Vukowar) and chant: "Vukovar! Vukovar!". When Bosnia-Herzegovina played a friendly game against Croatia in August 2007, Croatian fans formed a human U symbol, representing the fascist Ustase movement responsible for mass killings of Serbs, Jews and Roma people during World War II. This was during a time of rising ethnic tensions in Bosnia between Croats and Bosnian Muslims
In the book How Soccer Explains the World, Franklin Foer describes the rivalry between Serb and Croat teams as, "The new, or rather old, enmity could be seen visibly at the soccer stadium... fans sang about their respective slaughters."[6] The ultras of FC Red Star Belgrade, the Delije (Heroes) formed the base of Arkan's Tigers, a Serbian paramilitary force who were later implicated in multiple acts of terror during the Wars in Yugoslavia. The Tigers made a dramatic appearance during the Belgrade derby game of 22 March 1992 between Red Star and Partizan; they held up road signs saying: '20 miles to Vukovar'; '10 miles to Vukovar'; 'Welcome to Vukovar'. More signs followed, each named for a Croatian town that had fallen to the Serbian army. Arkan was then director of the Red Star supporters' association.[7] In later matches, after Serbian army retreated from occupied Vukovar, Croatian fans would regularly display signs honoring Vukovar (sometimes spelt Vukowar) and chant: "Vukovar! Vukovar!". When Bosnia-Herzegovina played a friendly game against Croatia in August 2007, Croatian fans formed a human U symbol, representing the fascist Ustase movement responsible for mass killings of Serbs, Jews and Roma people during World War II. This was during a time of rising ethnic tensions in Bosnia between Croats and Bosnian Muslims
Ultras
Ultras (Latin word deriving from ultrā,[1] meaning beyond in English, with the implication that their enthusiasm is 'beyond' the normal) are a form of sports team supporters renowned for their fanatical support and elaborate displays. They are predominantly European followers of football teams. The behavioural tendency of ultras groups includes the use of flares—primarily in tifo choreography—, vocal support in large groups, defiance of the authorities and the display of banners at football stadiums, which are used to create an atmosphere which intimidates opposing players and supporters, as well as encouraging their own team. Consistently rivals with opposing supporters, ultras groups are often identified with their respective team. The actions of ultra fan groups can occasionally be overly extreme and are sometimes influenced by racial violence, political ideologies, cross-town derbies between clubs from the same city, and even from poor performances by the te
Hooliganism
Although ultra groups can become violent, the vast majority of matches go ahead with no violent incidents. Unlike hooligan firms, whose main aim is to fight fans of other clubs, the main focus of ultras is to support their own team. Hooligans usually try to be inconspicuous when they travel; usually not wearing team colours, in order to avoid detection by the police. Ultras tend to be more conspicuous when they travel and like to arrive en masse, which allows the police to keep a close eye on their movements. When trouble involving ultras does break out, it usually takes the form of a political riot similar to the ones in Italy in the 1970s when the Carabinieri used the same tactics with the ultras as they did with the political activists.
However, there does appear to be a crossover in some countries between ultras and hooligans. In Italy, when English club Middlesbrough F.C. played a match against AS Roma in March 2006, three Middlesbrough fans were stabbed in an attack that was blamed on Roma-supporting ultras.[3] Roma-supporting ultras were also blamed for an incident related to the club's match against English club Manchester United in Rome in April 2007, which resulted in 11 Manchester fans and two Italian fans being taken to hospital.[4] These specific incidents may be attributed to an anti-English mindset amongst some Roma fans that dates back to the 1984 European Cup final. Spanish authorities have been concerned about ultra-related violence against supporters of other clubs, such as the murder of a Real Sociedad fan.
However, there does appear to be a crossover in some countries between ultras and hooligans. In Italy, when English club Middlesbrough F.C. played a match against AS Roma in March 2006, three Middlesbrough fans were stabbed in an attack that was blamed on Roma-supporting ultras.[3] Roma-supporting ultras were also blamed for an incident related to the club's match against English club Manchester United in Rome in April 2007, which resulted in 11 Manchester fans and two Italian fans being taken to hospital.[4] These specific incidents may be attributed to an anti-English mindset amongst some Roma fans that dates back to the 1984 European Cup final. Spanish authorities have been concerned about ultra-related violence against supporters of other clubs, such as the murder of a Real Sociedad fan.
Politics
Ultra groups are sometimes associated with politics, such as racism, anti-racism, nationalism or anti-capitalism. Additionally, one growing movement within Ultra groups that transcends traditional left-right politics is the resistance to the commercialization of football. In Italy this movement is called No al Calcio Moderno, which translates as Nay to Modern Football. In some cases, fans have split from the original team and formed their own teams, such as Manchester United F.C. to F.C. United of Manchester, Wimbledon F.C.(now Milton Keynes Dons F.C.) to AFC Wimbledon and FC Red Bull Salzburg to SV Austria Salzburg.
Some Ultra groups — such as, Livorno's Brigate Autonome Livornesi, NK Zagreb's Bijeli anđeli, A.C. Arezzo's Fossa, Pisa Calcio's Ultras, Olympique de Marseilles Curva-Massilia, Celtic's Green Brigade, St.Pauli's Ultrà Sankt Pauli , Hapoel Tel-Aviv's Ultras Hapoel, Atalanta Bergamo's "Brigate Neroazzure" , AEK Athens's Original 21, AC Omonia's Gate 9 and Sevilla FC's Biris Norte — are known for displaying flags with red stars, hammer and sickles, the anarchy symbol, images of Che Guevara or various anti-fascist iconography. In Turkey, Beşiktaş JK's ultra group Çarşı, which is known for left-wing views, has an A in its logo that is similar to the anarchy symbol. Fans of Ajax Amsterdam often display the Star of David and Israeli flags, and regularly chant "Joden! Joden!" (Dutch for "Jews! Jews!") in reference to the club's Jewish roots. Similarly, Tottenham Hotspur's ultras label themselves Yiddos and call the team Yid Army, to relect their Jewish heritage. The annual Mondiali Antirazzisti (Anti-Racist World Cup) attracts more than 6000 people, and is the largest gathering of anti-fascist Ultras in the world.[5]
There are also many plitically right-wing ultras such as Lazio's Irriducibili, Inter's Boys San, Real Madrids Ultras Sur, Hellas Verona's Brigate Gialloblu, Sporting's Juventude Leonina, Espanyol's Brigadas Blanquiazules FC Steaua Bucureşti's Peluza Nord & Peluza Sud, FC Dinamo Bucuresti's PCH(Peluza Catalin Hildan), PFC CSKA Sofia's "CSKA SS Front",PFC Levski Sofia's "Sofia West",Lokomotiv Plovdiv's "Gott mit uns"
Some Ultra groups — such as, Livorno's Brigate Autonome Livornesi, NK Zagreb's Bijeli anđeli, A.C. Arezzo's Fossa, Pisa Calcio's Ultras, Olympique de Marseilles Curva-Massilia, Celtic's Green Brigade, St.Pauli's Ultrà Sankt Pauli , Hapoel Tel-Aviv's Ultras Hapoel, Atalanta Bergamo's "Brigate Neroazzure" , AEK Athens's Original 21, AC Omonia's Gate 9 and Sevilla FC's Biris Norte — are known for displaying flags with red stars, hammer and sickles, the anarchy symbol, images of Che Guevara or various anti-fascist iconography. In Turkey, Beşiktaş JK's ultra group Çarşı, which is known for left-wing views, has an A in its logo that is similar to the anarchy symbol. Fans of Ajax Amsterdam often display the Star of David and Israeli flags, and regularly chant "Joden! Joden!" (Dutch for "Jews! Jews!") in reference to the club's Jewish roots. Similarly, Tottenham Hotspur's ultras label themselves Yiddos and call the team Yid Army, to relect their Jewish heritage. The annual Mondiali Antirazzisti (Anti-Racist World Cup) attracts more than 6000 people, and is the largest gathering of anti-fascist Ultras in the world.[5]
There are also many plitically right-wing ultras such as Lazio's Irriducibili, Inter's Boys San, Real Madrids Ultras Sur, Hellas Verona's Brigate Gialloblu, Sporting's Juventude Leonina, Espanyol's Brigadas Blanquiazules FC Steaua Bucureşti's Peluza Nord & Peluza Sud, FC Dinamo Bucuresti's PCH(Peluza Catalin Hildan), PFC CSKA Sofia's "CSKA SS Front",PFC Levski Sofia's "Sofia West",Lokomotiv Plovdiv's "Gott mit uns"
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)